First, Cicero must be exaggerating Archias youth: he has just told us that the people of Tarentum, Rhegium, and Neapolis had honoured him with their citizenship, and it is inconceivable that they should have done this if he was still a boy. (Cic. Students will miss a definition of dubitare plus infinitive as to hesitate (to do to have second thoughts (about doing X). Cicero's Defense Speech for the Poet Archias - Archive of Roman But more fundamentally, Ciceros words convey the impression that Archias was already a Roman citizen. 1. It was in 62 that Cicero sought to improve his social position (Att. Such poetry was unfamiliar to most Romans, and had not yet been widely imitated in Latin. Then ( 5): Statim Luculli, cum praetextatus etiam tum Archias esset, eum domum suam receperunt. Archias did not appear on the Roman census because he was away on campaign with Lucullus at each time they were taken. It was Metellus Pius who had enrolled him as a citizen and whose careful records provided the documentary evidence that he needed to establish his claim to citizenship. By this line of argument, Archias, though Greek, is turned into someone who helps to promote Roman values and bolsters Roman authority and tradition.22 He therefore has an important part to play in Roman society, and hence deserves his place within it as a Roman citizen. In 14 he introduces a new idea, that literature inspires men to perform acts of self-sacrifice for the state. American Archias: Cicero, Epic Poetry, and The Souls of Black Folk JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Clearly Cicero would not have jeopardized his relationship with such a family by refusing to defend their poet. Ciceros defense of his teacher, the Pro Archia, is far from the expert orators most well-known work, yet it presents fascinating questions for analysis. If Archias had not already possessed Roman citizenship, Cicero says, he could easily have obtained it as a favour from some general such as Sulla, or from his friend Metellus Pius ( 2526a). Stripped to its essentials, the argument runs as follows:If I have any talent, experience in speaking, or technical skill in oratory derived from training in the liberal arts, then Archias has a strong claim on it. H. C. Gotoff asserts that the reference iseither jocular or tasteless, and adds:Perhaps the best way to understand the reference to his brother is to take it together with Ciceros decision to speak in a style more epideictic than usually deemed effective in the law courts, and to assume that the orator had reason to be confident from the start in the outcome of the trial.32 This suggestion cannot be accepted, because a praetor in charge of a court had no means of determining or influencing a jurys verdict; this is why in his speeches Cicero addresses himself to the jury, and generally ignores the praetor. Luc. That generation will be fortunate to begin reading the Pro Archia with this edition. The occasional note that relates sentence structure or vocabulary choice to larger themes both fulfills pedagogical needs and also reminds us of the tricky balancing act between simply teaching and inspiring real interest in sophisticated texts with a readership at this level: fit your line solely with technical syntactical and rhetorical terms or with explanations of subjunctive X in subordinate clause Y and students are less likely to take the bait. Gotoff, H. C. Ciceros Elegant Style: An Analysis of the Pro Archia, Urbana, Illinois (1979). Archias does not appear on the Roman census rolls taken during the period in which he claimed to have lived there. Cicero came to his former teacher's defense at his trial in 62 BC, only months after delivering the famous Catiline Orations. I focus here on its usefulness to an introductory/intermediate-level university class, drawing partly upon my experience with C.s first edition to teach a third-semester Latin Prose course at Yale University in the Fall of 2003 to a group of 20 undergraduate and graduate students. When Cicero states Primum Antiochaenam ibi natus est loco nobilicelebri quondam urbe (section 4), he slips in the detail loco nobili not in praise of Antioch, but rather in order to designate Archias social standing: he was born there into a good/noble family (cf. 54). Although technically delivered in a court of law, the speech possesses the unique characteristics of a more ornamental realm of oratory, epideictic, which includes speeches such as funeral orations, or laudatio funebris. He does not have documentary proof that Archias is a citizen of Heraclea, he says, because the public record office at Heraclea was burnt down in the Social War and all the records destroyed;19 but he can nevertheless produce M. Lucullus as a witness to Archias enrolment, and an official deputation has been sent from Heraclea with a written statement confirming Archias claim. There were examples of this in our fathers time, the younger Africanus, a godlike man, and C. Laelius and L. Furius, men of the greatest moderation and self-control, also the elder M. Cato, a most valiant man and the most learned of his day. If Archias was Ciceros grammatikos, he would have taught him to recite Homer and other Greek poets, and the vocal training that this involved may genuinely have helped him on his way to becoming a great orator. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Lucullus, indeed, and Drusus and Octavius, and Cato and the whole house of Hortensii, since he held them bound by close social ties, he was treated by them with the highest of honors; for not only did everyone cultivate his friendship who devoted to hear and to take in anything they did, but even those who only pretended.", It is . The glossaries cover those terms most essential to understanding the intellectual, political, and social milieu in which Cicero operates. 309; Luc. It is clear from Pro Flacco that the sort of unremarkable, upper-class men who for the most part constituted Roman juries cannot have had any great respect for the Greek nation. 41.3, 42.4), and in politics they shared the same conservative outlook. Quint. Again, Lucullus had helped Cicero during the Catilinarian conspiracy (ibid. "Pro Archia is a delightful speech delivered by Cicero in defense of A. Licinius Archias, a Greek poet whose eligibility for Roman citizenship was challenged in 62 bce. The next example, however, is that of Pompey giving Roman citizenship to Theophanes of Mytilene.31 This parallel is less valid since Theophanes was not a poet but a prose historian (scriptorem,writer, is the ambiguous word Cicero uses). Porter (cited n. 14) 140 f.; MacKendrick (cited n. 16) 110 f. Cf. The notes are clear throughout and fruitfully employ the glossary explanations of key rhetorical features, such as chiasmus, hyperbaton, and hendiadys. 81). Examples of hendiadys abound, and C. carefully explains and smoothly translates these tricky bits of Ciceronian fullness, as in section 3, where tanto conventu hominum ac frequentia is both translated literally and then rendered as with so numerous a throng of men. Students are taught to distinguish the literal meaning from Ciceros meaning. Cicero emphasizes the stature of those who gave patronage to Archias by altering the usual word order. Archias had become eligible for Roman citizenship under the Lex Iulia de Civitate Latinis Danda, passed in 90 BC, and the Lex Plautia Papiria de Civitate Sociis Danda, passed in 89 BC. [3] Due to political unrest, Archias, while yet a mere youth, left Antioch and travelled around the major cities of Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy, in each of . It would have seemed entirely alien to Archias jury, who would have regarded it not just with the suspicion they directed at all intellectual subjects, but would have seen it as frivolous, effeminate, and even immoral. There is no partitio,16 and no reprehensio (unless 1011 are viewed as reprehensio). Theophanes is, nevertheless, a good example for Cicero to cite, not only because he was a Greek who was given the citizenship, but because he was given it by Pompey. Cicero's client is not, as so often, a prominent Roman aristocrat accused of violence, bribery, or extortion, but a Syrian poet whose claim to Roman citizenship was disputed. This twofold pattern of argument is a common one in Cicero, and is found most famously in Pro Milone:Milo did not set out deliberately to kill Clodius; but had he done so, it would have been justified.18 In Pro Archia, the first stage of the argument (enstasis) occupies 4b11, while the encomium of literature, occupying 1230, is formally the second stage (antiparastasis). In this regard the commentary puts its finger on one of the most difficult tasks in learning (and teaching) Latin at this stage: no longer reading solely in order to translate for the test but also in order to develop a more refined Sprachgefhl. During his school days, he showed "unusual talent as a poet.". By Adam Reiss and Dareh Gregorian. Such language does not occur often in Ciceros speeches, at least after the earlier ones:27 as we have already observed, the style of this speech is pitched at a higher level than normal. The argument here runs as follows: (i) even if we are not interested in literature, we should admire those who have literary talent; we admired the talent of the actor Q. Roscius Gallus; (and equally we should admire that of Archias); (ii) we loved Roscius merely because of the movements of his body; we should therefore respond to the movements of (Archias) mind. Latin Paleography, Editing, and the Transmission of Classi Maritime Archaeology of the Ancient Mediterranean, Philosophy, Dialectic in Ancient Greek and Roman. Inst. If Archias accuser is indeed connected with Pompey, as seems likely, then the reference has added point: in seeking to deprive Lucullus man of his citizenship, Grattius is ignoring the precedent set by his own patron. In the Fourth Verrine, for example, when he is dealing with Verres theft of art treasures, he affects to be unable to recall the name of the famous sculptor Polyclitus (Verr. He assumed the names of Aulus and Licinius, the last out of compliment to the Luculli, and Cicero had been for some time a pupil of his, and had retained a great regard for him. quae cum ita sint, although there seems to be nothing on esse videa(n)tur). Let us now turn to the argument of the opening sections; this is also revealing of Ciceros techniques. The Biden . Lucullus command proved to be highly successful in the early stages of the war, but after pursuing Mithridates into Armenia in 69 he began to lose the support of his troops; when his subordinate C. Valerius Triarius was heavily defeated in 67, he was relieved of his command, and Pompey was appointed the following year to bring the war to a successful conclusion. That's comparable to the share who say the same about the federal budget deficit (49%), violent crime (48% . I suggest three reasons. Cicero's Pro Archia - Classics - Oxford Bibliographies - obo The authority of these great Romans (all were consuls and two were also censor) wins Cicero his point after all; the technique is the same as that used at 6. His aim is to draw attention to Archias' profession and appeal to his value in Roman culture. First, whatever the jurors private views on poetry and culture, it is nevertheless flattering for them to be treated as intellectuals, as a select group of people who are well educated and superior to the common herd (cf. He reveals this thesis in lines 2022: He continues with this approach in the final lines of this section where he proposes that even if Archias were not enrolled as a citizen, his virtuous qualities should compel us to enroll him. A few problems of note (some of which have crept into the second edition): read when in for when. In 62 Archias was prosecuted under this law. 4.1.5460). It was here that he earned a living as a poet and gained the patronage of the Roman general and politician L. Lucullus. Cic. Here Cicero was confronted by a marked xenophobic and anti-intellectual prejudice, one with which he and his brother had no sympathy, but which was prevalent among the jury. The idea that poets who honour great men honour the Roman people at the same time is continued in 22, but with Ennius as the example: Ennius praised the elder Scipio, the elder Cato, Q. Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, M. Claudius Marcellus, and M. Fulvius Nobilior, and was rewarded with Roman citizenship. Poetry, Latin: From the Beginnings through the End of the Roman Italy, 4th Century bce to 3rd Century ce, Theoderic the Great and Ostrogothic Italy, Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. This plea for Archias may man of Rome, a man of high birth, a sol- be divided thus: dier of no mean capacity, and an orator of mi I. Cicero's reasons for undertaking the unusual success. 3.15.6), and we have from Plutarch the attractive story of how Pompey and Cicero invited themselves round to Lucullus house for dinner, and how he tricked them into thinking that he dined on the most lavish scale even when eating alone (Luc. ), and Cicero had set aside time during it to defend a relation of Lucullus (Att. 61, already quoted). It is only in Pro Archia, however, that the style is made to play an active part in the process ( 3): quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc veniam accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quem ad modum spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo homine dicentem hoc concursu hominum litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercente iudicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius, et in eius modi persona quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis periculisque tractata est uti prope novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. Whether this reason or his desire to protect his old teacher weighed more heavily with him it would be foolish to speculate.14 A third reason not explicitly mentioned in the speech but quite clear from it is that Cicero wished to oblige the Luculli. The work celebrates the merits of literature and art, which offers a powerful description of what makes an individual Roman. Archias, who first arrived in Rome in 102 BCE, had, since the conclusion of the Social War in 89 BCE, been living as a Roman citizen and enjoying all of its attendant privileges. C. helps us to see the force of the parallel that Cicero does create: equating patriotic Romanness with the acceptance and fostering of poets (the kind of oratorical strategy that could, for the sake of engaging classroom discussion, be compared to some American politicians rhetorical equation of support for the war in Iraq with support for America). At its most basic, the speech itself constitutes the Aulus Licinius Archias | Greek poet | Britannica First there is the genuine sense of gratitude he felt towards his old teacher ( 1), a factor which should not be cynically denied. We know that Archias wrote, in Greek, a historical poem in several books on the Mithridatic War ( 21). Mr. Whelan, a former U.S. Marine, was detained minutes after he was handed a USB stick by a Russian acquaintance that Russia maintains contained a classified list of its security agents. Plutarch tells us that Cicero was a good friend of L. Lucullus (Luc. But while the Roman people are honoured, Lucullus too is given a full share of the glory ( 21): Nostra semper feretur et praedicabitur L. Lucullo dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis est, incredibilis apud Tenedum pugna illa navalis, nostra sunt tropaea, nostra monumenta, nostri triumphi. It argues that Pro Archia is an exercise in persuasion. Cicero begins his account of Archias' life and travels through Asia and Greece during the poet's early career before his first arrival in Rome. In this passage (which comprises less than two-thirds of the Latin sentence) the atmosphere of high culture is conveyed not only by what Cicero is saying but very largely by the sophisticated way in which the clauses are accumulated and integrated. In Tacitus Dialogus de Oratoribus, one of the speakers, Maternus, is made to remark,It is not, I take it, the speeches which Demosthenes composed against his guardians that make him famous, nor is it Ciceros defences of P. Quinctius or Licinius Archias that make him a great orator: it was Catiline and Milo and Verres and Antony who covered him with glory (Non, opinor, Demosthenen orationes inlustrant quas adversus tutores suos composuit, nec Ciceronem magnum oratorem P. Quinctius defensus aut Licinius Archias faciuntCatilina et Milo et Verres et Antonius hanc illi famam circumdederunt, Dial. A brief discussion of content would also be useful at this crucial moment in the speech. Cicero begins by explaining to the jury why he is obliged to defend Archias (or A. Licinius, as he prefers to call him at important moments in the speech). If this argument too is put another way, its weakness will be apparent:You may be surprised to hear me attributing my success in the courts to a poet rather than a rhetorician, but rhetoric is not the only subject I have studied, and in any case rhetoric and poetry are really the same sort of thing. The main value of this argument, however, is that it introduces the idea of thecommon bond (commune vinclum) by which Cicero claims all branches of culture are linked. Archias's defense was undertaken by a former pupil of his, the previous year's Consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero. This type of poetry, he says, provides patterns of excellence for men to imitate, while the prospect of being immortalized in verse spurs men on to perform heroic deeds in the service of the state. Among the numerous classical influences in the works of W. E. B. The link was not copied. Sat. The extent of upper-class Roman prejudice regarding a mans place of origin is revealed by the fact that, in the year before Archias trial, Cicero himself had been described in the Senate by one patrician as animmigrant citizen (inquilinus civis, Sal. After this he quickly moves on to less controversial territory. Licinius Archias was born in Antioch around 120 BC and arrived in Rome in 102 BC. (PDF) The Art of Citizenship: Roman Cultural Identity in Cicero's Pro Again, in outlining the content of Platos Phaedo in Pro Scauro, he implies that he has not read the work, and adds, for the jurys benefit, that Plato was a great philosopher (Scaur. Especially relevant are Narducci, E. Cicerone e leloquenza romana, Rome and Bari (1997), and Dugan, J. Pro Archia has been described as undoubtedly the least typical forensic speech of Cicero. There are two pieces of misrepresentation in this sentence. Cicero and his Italian Clients in the Forensic Speeches, The Rhetoric of Character in the Roman Courts, Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof. 12). Cat. Cf. Si quid est in me ingeni, iudices, quod sentio quam sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me non infitior mediocriter esse versatum, aut si huiusce rei ratio aliqua ab optimarum artium studiis ac disciplina profecta, a qua ego nullum confiteor aetatis meae tempus abhoruisse, earum rerum omnium vel in primis hic A. Licinius fructum a me repetere prope suo iure debet. 5.11.25, 8.3.75, 9.4.44, 11.1.34, 11.3.84, 11.3.167). Archias wrote poems of the general's military exploits, and in 93 BC, Lucullus helped him gain citizenship of the municipium of Heraclea. This is a convenient idea for Cicero because it will allow him, later in the speech, to widen his discussion to include other disciplines of more obvious practicality or value. Teachers who recognized the numerous virtues of the first edition (1998) will equally welcome the second. In 2 Cicero decides to meet head-on the objection that Archias is not a rhetor: Ac ne quis a nobis hoc ita dici forte miretur, quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingeni neque haec dicendi ratio aut disciplina, ne nos quidem huic uni studio penitus umquam dediti fuimus. Here, however, Cicero does need to explain briefly why Archias was never included in a census: that of 89 was abandoned, and when censuses were held in 86 and 70 he was each time accompanying L. Lucullus on campaign in the East. (Cic. PDF SPEECH IN DEFENCE OF AULUS LICINIUS ARCHIAS - PinkMonkey.com One quibble: it seems odd that C. defines civitas only as citizenship in the vocabularies, although Cicero also employs civitas in the more familiar meaning city (C. gives this sense, however, in the note cum translation at the end of section 6). Historical Background of Cicero's Oration, "The Citizenship of Archias He continued to live with the Luculli, accompanying L. Lucullus to the East in the 80s and again during the Third Mithridatic War (7363 bc), in the period when Lucullus was in command of the Roman forces (7367). Our information about Archias derives almost exclusively from Ciceros speech. The exordium ends ( 4a) with a statement of what Cicero intends to prove: (i) that Archias is a Roman citizen, and (ii) that, were he not a citizen, he ought to be one (and ought therefore to be acquitted). Literature and Persuasion in Cicero's Pro Archia 5.8.3. The tone of the passage is philosophical; but it is popular philosophy of a straightforward nature, designed to reassure rather than intimidate the jury. Please subscribe or login. Cicero is not, however, attempting to predate Archias acquisition of the citizenship: he is simply encouraging the jury to think of Archias in terms appropriate to a Roman citizen. Cicero's 'Pro Archia Poeta' - UGA First some nuts and bolts. But the argument is nevertheless misleading because it leaves the impression, for example by the reference totechnical skill in oratory (huiusce rei (referring to exercitatio dicendi) ratio), that Archias actually taught Cicero rhetoric. 13.6.4), L. Licinius Murena, the consulelect. After a brief hit at philosophers for their hypocrisy in writing their names on the books they have written, we are back with Roman generals once again: D. Junius Brutus Callaicus inscribed his monuments with poems by Accius, and M. Fulvius Nobilior dedicated his spoils of war to the Muses ( 26b27). By now Cicero may or may not have persuaded the jury of Archias legal claim. Clearly Cicero is not thinking only of poetry at this point:scriptores et Graeci et Latini (the Greek and Latin writers) would apply equally to prose historiography or biography, genres which some members of the jury may personally have considered more valuable and worthwhile, or less reprehensible, than poetry. The chapter examines the style used by Cicero in Pro Archia and asks what it was about this particular case that led him to adopt such a style. In 1516 Cicero considers the objection that many of the great Romans of old were not themselves lovers of literature. Just about all that the two men had in common was that they were both at some point represented in court by Cicero (they were also linked by the fact that Archias, like his patron Catulus (Nat. Pro Archia, then, is genuinely, all of it, an exercise in persuasion. Arch. After providing the jury with the legal foundations of Archiass citizenship, he proceeds to argue that even if reasonable doubt were to surround Archiass claim to be a Roman citizen, he should nevertheless be considered worthy of inclusion in the citizen body as a result of the contribution his poetry has made to the Republic. The technique is similar to that employed the previous year in Pro Murena (Mur. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 101 N. Merion Ave., Catulus was an enthusiast for Greek culture, and admitted Archias to his circle. Inst. Here again we find the elevated and lyrical style used earlier at 16; the opinion of some scholars29 that this passage isturgid is refuted by Quintilian, who cites it, sometimes with explicit approval, no fewer than six times (Inst. Cicero's oration Pro Archia Poeta ("On Behalf of Archias the Poet") is the published literary form of his defense of Aulus Licinius Archias, a poet accused of not being a Roman citizen. I therefore have a duty to save him ( 1). Manil. Some time later, Archias accompanied M. Lucullus on a visit to Sicily, and on their return journey Lucullus arranged for him to be granted honorary citizenship at Heraclea in Lucania. The Lex Iulia granted Roman citizenship to all citizens of municipia on the Italic peninsula, provided they had not fought against Rome in the Social War. Roscius and Archias were artists of quite a different kind: Roscius was a Roman eques, now dead, who had acted in plays before large audiences; Archias was a Syrian immigrant who wrote poetry in Greek for a small number of aristocratic families. From the persuasive point of view, it is the second of these questions that is the more difficult, and therefore the more interesting. C. also knows when less is more. 3). 4. OLD locus 17 and TLL VII, 1588, 38 ff. of good disposition, large fortune, respect- III. Saxa atque solitudines voci respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt; nos instituti rebus optimis non poetarum voce moveamur? A second factor which makes Pro Archia untypical is that the greater part of it ( 1230) consists of an encomium of literature which, while making for agreeable reading, nevertheless appears at first sight to have little connection with the point at issue.2Of course, there is nothing un-Ciceronian about a lengthy digressio (as I shall term this passage);3 but here the subject of the digression, the status of literature, is one so far removed from the normal concerns of a Cicero speech as to constitute a striking oddity. 1.13.6) by purchasing from Crassus a grand house on the Palatine overlooking the Forum.
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